Cystitis: What it is and how to handle it fast

Cystitis is a bladder infection that hits the lower urinary tract. More than half of women will get a urinary tract infection at least once, and cystitis is the most common type. It usually starts suddenly with a burning feeling when you pee, a strong urge to go, and small amounts of dark or cloudy urine. Men and children can get it too, but women are more likely because of anatomy.

If you have fever over 38°C (100.4°F), back or flank pain, chills, nausea, or vomiting, the infection may have moved to your kidneys. That is more serious and needs urgent medical attention. Also see a doctor if symptoms last more than 48 hours, if you are pregnant, or if you have diabetes or a weakened immune system.

Symptoms and diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about symptoms and may test a urine sample. A simple dipstick or culture checks for bacteria and white blood cells. Cultures take a day or two but tell which antibiotic will work best. If infections keep coming, your provider might order an ultrasound, CT scan, or referral to a urologist.

Treatment and self-care

Most uncomplicated cystitis clears with a short course of antibiotics. Common choices include nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or a fluoroquinolone in some areas — your doctor will pick the right one based on local resistance patterns and your health. Always finish the course even if you feel better after a day or two.

While on antibiotics, drink extra water and avoid coffee, alcohol, and spicy foods if they worsen your bladder symptoms. Over-the-counter pain relievers and a heating pad can ease cramps. Phenazopyridine is a urinary pain medicine that helps for short periods but can turn urine orange and should not replace antibiotics.

Recurrent cystitis happens to some people. Simple self-care can prevent many repeat infections: pee after sex, avoid holding urine for long periods, wipe front to back, and use mild, unscented soaps around the genitals. For women who get frequent episodes, low-dose preventive antibiotics or post-coital single-dose antibiotics are options to discuss with a doctor.

Some people try cranberry products. Small trials show mixed benefits; cranberry may help some women avoid repeat infections but it’s not a reliable cure. Probiotics and vaginal estrogen for postmenopausal women can reduce recurrences in certain cases.

If you take medications or have allergies, tell your provider before starting antibiotics. Also mention pregnancy, breast feeding, or plans to become pregnant — some antibiotics are not safe then. Keep a record of each infection, treatment used, and any side effects. That makes follow-up visits faster and more helpful.

If symptoms return soon after treatment, or if you feel worse, contact your healthcare provider. A second urine test or a different antibiotic may be needed. With prompt care most cases clear quickly and you can get back to normal life in a few days.

Keep contact info for your clinic handy and seek urgent care for high fever or worsening symptoms.